Impact of High Night‐Time and High Daytime Temperature Stress on Winter Wheat

High temperature is a major environmental factor that limits wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Climate models predict greater increases in night‐time temperature than in daytime temperature. The objective of this research was to compare the effects of high daytime and high night‐time temperatures during anthesis on physiological (chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration, leaf level photosynthesis, and membrane damage), biochemical (reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and antioxidant capacity in leaves), growth and yield traits of wheat genotypes. Winter wheat genotypes (Ventnor and Karl 92) were grown at optimum temperatures (25/15 °C, maximum/minimum) until the onset of anthesis. Thereafter, plants were exposed to high night‐time (HN, 25/24 °C), high daytime (HD, 35/15 °C), high daytime and night‐time (HDN, 35/24 °C) or optimum temperatures for 7 days. Compared with optimum temperature, HN, HD and HDN increased ROS concentration and membrane damage and decreased antioxidant capacity, photochemical efficiency, leaf level photosynthesis, seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike. Impact of HN and HD was similar on all traits. Greater impact on seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike was observed at HDN compared with HN and HD. These results suggest that HN and HD during anthesis cause damage of a similar magnitude to winter wheat.     

持续冷热环境对肉鸡生产性能、糖代谢和解偶联蛋白mRNA表达的影响

本试验研究了不同环境温度(10~30℃)持续14 d对肉鸡生产性能、糖代谢和禽类解偶联蛋白(av UCP)mRNA表达的影响。试验选取21日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡288只,随机分到6个人工环境控制舱中,每个舱饲养6笼,每笼8只鸡作为1个重复。预试期7 d,温度22℃,相对湿度60%。28日龄时将各环境控制舱温度分别逐渐(1 h内)调到10、14、18、22、26和30℃,相对湿度60%,温湿度均保持恒定直至试验结束。正试期14 d。结果表明:1)试验期内,30℃组的体重(BW)显著低于14~26℃组(P<0.05);22~30℃组平均日采食量(ADFI)随温度升高而显著下降(P<0.05);10~30℃组平均日增重(ADG)随温度升高出现先升高后下降的趋势,在22℃时最高;料重比(F/G)随温度升高呈现先下降后升高的趋势,22℃时最低;平均日饮水量(ADWC)在10℃组最低。2)试验第14天,26℃组血糖水平显著低于18℃组(P<0.05);肝糖原水平在各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);22℃组肌糖原水平显著低于10、26和30℃组(P<0.05)。3)试验第14天,18、22℃组av UCP mRNA相对表达量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。结果提示:在本试验条件下,从生产性能和能量利用效率考虑,28~42日龄AA肉鸡的适宜养殖温度为22~26℃。     

贯通培养基础阶段英语教学中融入中国文化的探索

长期以来，我国的英语教育一直偏重西方文化信息和知识的输入，而中国文化较少涉及或缺失，导致学生用英语表达中国文化的意识不强，能力不足。在中国文化“走出去”的战略背景下，将中国文化融入到英语教学中，不仅有利于提升学生的跨文化交际能力，使他们在中外文化交流中更好地弘扬中国文化，讲好中国故事，而且能够拓展和加深学生对中国文化的认知和理解，坚定文化自信，增强民族文化认同感，培育中国精神，增强爱国情怀。     

An improved method for extraction of sorghum polymeric protein complexes

A method for fractionating sorghum proteins using extraction solvents and techniques designed to obtain polymeric protein structures (especially disulfide linked) was developed. Extraction and separation conditions were optimized in terms of completeness of protein extraction, sample stability, and analytical resolution. After pre-extraction of albumins and globulins, a 3-step sequential procedure involving no reducing agents was applied to ground whole sorghum flour. The three fractions obtained represented proportionally different protein polymer contents and molecular weight distribution as evidenced by comparative size exclusion chromatography. Protein composition also varied among the extracts with differences in kafirin composition and non-kafirin proteins detected in the fractions by RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE analysis. The ability to quantify and further characterize sorghum polymeric protein complexes will be useful for additional studies linking protein structures with functionality and digestibility and variations for these properties within diverse sorghum germplasm.     

不同立地类型根灌、滴灌水分扩散规律

为掌握根灌、滴灌在不同立地类型土壤中的水分扩散规律,通过不同灌水梯度试验,采用挖剖面和直观观测法,研究了根灌和滴灌在不同立地类型土壤水分的垂直和水平扩散规律。结果表明:风沙土中根灌、滴灌水分垂直扩散明显小于水平扩散,且灌水时间与扩散速率均呈负相关对数关系。沙质壤土中根灌水分垂直扩散明显小于水平扩散,滴灌则垂直扩散速率大于水平扩散,两者差异不明显;灌水时间与扩散速率呈负相关对数关系。灰棕漠土中根灌初期水分垂直扩散和水平扩散相同,随时间增大,水平扩散速率大于垂直扩散;滴灌则垂直扩散速率大于水平扩散,但两者差异不明显;灌水时间与扩散速率也呈负相关对数关系。总体来看,根灌在不同立地类型土壤中的水分无论垂直扩散速率还是水平扩散速率都表现为:沙质壤土风沙土灰棕漠土;滴灌则无论水平扩散速率还是垂直扩散速率都表现为:灰棕漠土风沙土沙质壤土,两者扩散规律明显不同。     

基质分散萃取-高效液相色谱法对菠菜中噻虫胺残留的检测

研究确立了乙腈为分散萃取溶剂,以羧基化双壁碳纳米管(DWCNTs-COOH)和石墨化碳黑(GCB)为基质分散材料的菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)样品中噻虫胺残留基质分散萃取前处理方法,建立并优化了乙腈等度洗脱的HPLC残留样品外标定量方法。结果表明,优化色谱条件下,噻虫胺标准样品的色谱保留时间为6.258 min,在0.05~100 mg/L范围内与对应色谱峰积分面积线性响应良好,回归方程为y=4.948 2x-1.316 9(R~2=0.999 7),噻虫胺在菠菜样品中0.1、0.5和5.0 mg/kg 3个水平的添加回收率均在85%以上,各添加水平的相对标准偏差均小于7%,该色谱条件下仪器检出限为0.052 7μg/L,方法的最低检测量为0.015 mg/kg。表明该残留样本前处理方法和样品检测方法简便、高效、经济、可靠,可满足噻虫胺在菠菜中的残留定量检测要求。     

羊高频高效繁育调控技术应用现状和操作要点

阐述了羊高频高效繁育调控技术的国内外研究应用现状,并结合生产实践总结出羊高频高校繁育调控技术操作程序及要点,其内容包括：羊的同期发情、多胎技术、精液解冻及镜检、输精前处理、腹腔镜观察卵巢状况、腹腔镜子宫内输精、早期妊娠诊断、羔羊代乳粉、羔羊早期断奶等技术和方法。     

Synergistic effects of soil microstructure and bacterial EPS on drying rate in emulated soil micromodels

Microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been shown to alter soil moisture retention and to improve seedling survival and plant growth at the bulk scale. The mechanisms of EPS-mediated water retention include reversible swelling of the cross-linked polymer matrix and the promotion of an aggregated soil structure. However, the effects of EPS on water retention have never been directly observed at the pore scale. Here, emulated soil micromodels were developed to directly observe the effects of physical, chemical, and biological factors on pore-scale water retention. In this demonstration, a pseudo-2D pore structure was created to represent physical features of a fine sandy loam. Replicate micromodels were initially saturated with suspensions of different soil bacteria, and pore-scale air infiltration was directly imaged over time. External evaporativity was held constant through the use of a custom constant-humidity environmental chamber. Micromodels filled with suspensions of highly mucoid Sinorhizobium meliloti retained moisture about twice as long as physically identical micromodels filled with suspensions of non-mucoid S. meliloti. Relative drying rates in six replicate experiments ranged from 1.1 to 2.5 times slower for mucoid suspensions. Patterns of air infiltration were similar but not identical across replicates. The results suggest that pore fluid EPS and micromodel geometry act together to limit evaporation at pore throats. Advantages of the micromodel approach include direct observation of pore-scale dynamic process, and the ability to systematically replicate complex physical structures. These abilities will enable users to screen benefits from different structures and from microbial compositions, and build predictive understanding of the overall function of microbe-habitat systems.     

设施农业高效用水信息化发展及其技术体系探讨

发展设施农业用水信息化是提高水资源利用效率与效益,实现水资源优化配置的重要途径。在分析国内外设施农业用水信息化发展现状的基础上,结合信息化发展的需求,研究了设施农业高效用水信息化的技术体系,重点分析了基础数据的监测网络及共享平台、作物需水信息评价与检测、输配水系统的构成、功能及工作过程,旨在为提高设施农业用水信息化水平提供决策依据。     

陇川坝水稻德优8号(香型)品种优质高产栽培技术

通过云南陇川引进水稻德优8号(香型)品种的示范种植,初步提出了德优8号(香型)在陇川坝的优质高产栽培技术措施。